世界建筑

在“双碳”目标背景下，存量公共建筑运行阶段的深度减碳已成为建筑领域实现碳中和的重要工作。太阳能富集区作为我国典型的低寒、高海拔、高辐射气候区，其公共建筑在能源结构、运行方式与用能行为方面具有鲜明区域特征，亟须开展系统减碳研究。本文聚焦该区域存量公共建筑，基于实地调研与能耗数据统计，系统识别建筑用能特征、运行工况与使用者行为模式三大碳排放影响机制，并构建碳排放影响因果链分析。研究发现，不同运行模式（间歇、连续、随机）的建筑在能耗时段分布、系统运行特性及热舒适响应方面存在显著差异。基于因果机制分析，构建了以“本体降碳—能效提升—可再生能”为核心的多层次减碳路径体系，提出基于运行模式差异的路径优化框架，并进一步形成涵盖空间组织、围护结构、设备系统与能源利用的差异化策略体系。本研究为太阳能富集区及类似气候条件下存量公共建筑的低碳化更新提供了理论支撑与方法指引。

In the context of the dual carbon goals， deep carbon reduction during the operation stage of existing public buildings has become an important task for achieving carbon neutrality in the construction sector. As a typical cold， high-altitude and high-radiation climate zone in China， the public buildings in solar-enriched areas have distinct regional characteristics in terms of energy structure， operation mode and energy consumption behaviour， and there is an urgent need to carry out systematic carbon reduction research. Focusing on the existing public buildings in these areas， this study draws upon field investigations and energy consumption statistics to systematically identify three major impact mechanisms affecting carbon emissions–building energy consumption characteristics， operational conditions， and user behaviour patterns–and constructs a causal chain analysis of carbon emission impacts. The findings reveal that buildings with different operation modes (intermittent， continuous， and random) show significant differences in the distribution of energy consumption periods， system operation characteristics， and thermal comfort responses. Based on the analysis of causal mechanisms， a multi-level carbon reduction path system centred on "intrinsic carbon reduction – energy efficiency improvement – renewable energy application" is established. Furthermore， a path optimization framework based on differences in operation modes is proposed， along with a differentiated strategy system covering spatial organization， envelope structure， equipment system and energy utilization. This study provides theoretical support and methodological guidance for the low-carbon retrofitting of existing public buildings in solar-enriched areas and other regions with similar climatic conditions.